Chittenden County

ALLEN, Ira (and Early Vermont History)

Vermont Historical Magazine, No XI, October 1867, pp 770-776

Credit is due to Henry Stevens, Esq., late President of the Vermont 
Historical Society, for many facts contained in this memoir of Ira ALLEN, 
furnished from his papers. [Author's name is not stated. Written in 
Colchester, June 1861. Bracketed inclusions by submitter.]

Maj. Gen. Ira ALLEN, though last, is by no means least in our biographical 
history of Colchester, nor indeed of our state. He was born at Cornwall,* 
Connecticut, 21 April 1751. His father was Joseph ALLEN, and his mother 
[Miss] Mary BAKER (the sister of Remember BAKER), who were married 11 March 
1736. Ira was the youngest of six sons, and Ethan the oldest. He [Ira] was 
a man of middle stature, thick set, a ruddy lively countenance, large black 
eye [eyes?], fine form, genteel in manner, naturally social, and a ready 
writer. He was the chief diplomatist during the struggle of Vermont for her 
independence, and in her skillful negotiations with the British commanders in 
Canada, during the Revolution. [* Connecticut did not become a state until 
1788. The town of Cornwall, organized in 1740, is in Litchfield County, 
Connecticut. The town called Cornwall in Addison County, Vermont, was not 
formed until 1774.] 

He married Jerusha ENOS, daughter of Gen. Roger ENOS, and had three children: 
Zimri Enos, Ira H., and Maria Juliet. Zimri died in Colchester, 22 August 
1813, aged twenty-one years. [Colchester was in 1813, and is today, in 
Chittenden County, Vermont.] Ira H., our esteemed and well known 
contemporary [writing in 1867], still lives at Irasburgh [Irasburg?], 
Vermont, where his mother removed from Colchester, after her husband's death, 
and where she died 16 May 1838, aged seventy-four years; and Maria Juliet 
died at St. Albans, 18 August 1811, aged seventeen years. [At the time of 
her death, St. Albans was (and is today) in Franklin County, Vermont.] 

Ira ALLEN, in 1771, when twenty-one years of age, came to Vermont. He made 
some purchases of lands near Onion River, and he and Baker came on the next 
year (1772) to survey the lands and get ahead of the New York claimants in 
the occupancy of this section of the country. Ira and his brothers, styling 
themselves the "Onion River Land Company," and consisting of Ethan ALLEN, 
Remember BAKER, Heman ALLEN, Zimri ALLEN, and Ira ALLEN, afterwards purchased 
large tracts of land, covering some 300,000 acres, lying between Ferrisburgh 
and Canada line upon the lake shore and embracing most of eleven townships. 
Ira was the chief manager of the business and ultimately owned the main part 
of the property, and located himself permanently at the Falls in Colchester, 
which he made the seat of his operations, although the war of the Revolution 
and his public duties and active business life necessarily kept him away for 
a large portion of his time.

On the return of the settlers, at the close of the Revolution, his efforts 
and success in promoting the settlement and business at Winooski Falls [now 
Winooski, Chittenden County, Vermont; just west of Lake Champlain, near 
Burlington] were unparalleled in the history of any other section of the 
state. He not only called out the natural advantages of the place to a large 
extent, by the erection of mills and factories, but sought to promote the 
educational and social interests of the settlement. As proof of this, we 
have only to notice that by his liberality and efforts the University of 
Vermont was established on the beautiful site it now occupies between the 
falls and the lake. He drew up a memorial to the legislature of the state in 
1789, accompanied by his own private subscription of 4,000 [British pounds], 
which resulted in its location here, and in its endowment of lands from the 
state.

In addition to these local improvements at that early day, he projected a 
canal from Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence River, and by his application 
to the Governor of Canada, Gen. HALDIMAN, obtained a survey and level of it 
to be made by Capt. TWIST, the engineer of that province, in 1785. He also 
wrote and published a history of Vermont, printed in London in 1798, and 
wrote and published several other books and pamphlets having relation to 
public and private affairs.

But to know Ira ALLEN we must look into his political history, which though 
incorporated in a fragmentary way into the history of the state, must 
nevertheless be seen in a more condensed form to get a fair view of the man; 
and yet, in the limit of this notice, but a very imperfect view can be taken.

Young as he was when he entered into public life, his was the active spirit 
that managed the affairs of Vermont in the days of her weakness and darkest 
trials. It will be recollected that, very soon after the commencement of the 
Revolution, Ethan ALLEN was taken into captivity, BAKER [Remember BAKER] 
killed, and WARNER [Seth WARNER] and COCHRAN had joined the Continental army. 
This left the New Hampshire grants stripped of four of its active leaders, 
and its councils now mainly fell upon Thomas CHITTENDEN and Ira ALLEN. At 
this particular time, 1775, the difficulties with New York had assumed 
greater intensity than ever, and the death of Gen. MONTGOMERY [clarify] and 
retreat of the American army from Canada, which soon followed, exposed the 
inhabitants on the grants, less than the present [about 1867] population of 
of Chittenden County all told, to the mercy of a hostile foreign enemy and 
the more bitter and dreaded hostility of a domestic foe. [Both New York and 
what was in the process of becoming Vermont were attempting to lay claim to 
land in the New Hampshire grants by encouraging settlement and issuing titles 
to settlers. The same land east of Lake Champlain was also desired by 
others, among them Canadians and British, and had been inhabited for some 
time by still others, the Native Americans.]

In the meantime there was no foreign government or laws recognized by the 
people of the grants as binding upon them; nor had they as yet organized 
themselves under any prescribed government or laws of their own; but in truth 
its government and laws were mainly found in the absolute dictatorship of 
Thomas CHITTENDEN and Ira ALLEN, not exercised to destroy, after the fashion 
of despots, but to preserve the liberties of the people. It was then 
resolved upon by these men, in view of the peculiar situation of the grants, 
that the only effectual way of ending the controversy with New York and 
settling the title to the lands in the disputed territory, was to declare and 
maintain its own separate state jurisdiction and independence. This was a 
large work for so small a people to undertake against the most powerful 
colony in America, and the most efficient empire in the world, with both of 
which powers they found themselves in a state of war. Yet the inhabitants of 
the grants were true to the objects of the Revolution, and sent their 
commissioners to Congress, then in session at Philadelphia, to say to that 
body that they desired to share in the common defense of the country, and 
were ready to contribute their mite in arms, men and supplies, and do their 
part of the fighting in the great struggle for freedom.

And when the convention of delegates from the several towns afterwards met at 
Dorset, at their meeting 25 September 1776, to consider the proposition of 
state independence, Ira ALLEN, who was recorded as the member from 
Colchester, had his resolutions drawn up and ready to lay before them, 
expressing the unqualified opinion that the territory of the New Hampshire 
grants ought to be free and independent, which resolutions were passed 
unanimously, and Ira ALLEN and William MARSH were appointed a committee to 
visit the counties of Cumberland and Gloucester, then embracing the east side 
of the mountain, to point out to the people there the advantages of a free 
state and prepare them for the measures.

This work they faithfully performed, and at the next meeting of the 
convention, holden at Westminister, 15 January 1777, at which Ira ALLEN was 
appointed clerk, after fully debating the subject, passed a declaration that 
the New Hampshire grants "ought to be and is forever hereafter to be 
considered a free and independent jurisdiction and state." This declaration 
was forwarded to Congress, and it refused to countenance their proceedings, 
upon which Ira ALLEN published and circulated a pamphlet showing the right of 
the people to form an independent state, which was supported by a series of 
letters published by Dr. Thomas YOUNG, of Philadelphia. A constitution was 
drawn up* and the people chose new delegates to meet at Windsor, 02 July 
1777, in convention, to act upon its adoption. In the meantime Ira ALLEN and 
three others had been appointed a committee to wait upon Gen. St. CLAIR, who 
commanded at Ticonderoga, and consult with him respecting the defense of the 
frontier, and while thus in consultation Gen. BURGOYNE appeared on the lake 
and rested his army at Crown Point. (*There is no certain evidence who drew 
up the original constitution. It has been imputed to Dr. [Thomas] YOUNG, but 
from the well-authenticated fact that Ira ALLEN drew up the declaration of 
Vermont's independence and also the declaration of rights, as a part of the 
constitution, and there being no proof to the contrary, but some evidence 
that he drew it up, arising from his account presented to the legislature for 
his services in so doing, it is probable that he was the one who also 
proposed and wrote that model state paper.)

Notwithstanding this critical state of affairs the convention met at 
Windsor, 02 July [1777], as appointed, and while deliberating upon the new 
constitution, "the news of the evacuation of Ticonderoga arrived." This 
produced great consternation, and all were for leaving at once to look after 
their families and homes. But the thunderstorm, under the influence of which 
it has been said our constitution was adopted, kept the members in the house, 
and while waiting for the angry elements to subside, they proceeded to read 
and adopt it, "paragraph by paragraph for the last time," and before they 
adjourned appointed a committee of safety, of which Ira ALLEN was one. Thus 
the first constitution of Vermont was formed and adopted in convention, but 
it was never ratified, though acquiesced in by the people.

The helpless condition of the frontier, with a large force of the enemy in 
their midst, now absorbed everything else. There was as yet no organized 
state government, no money and no organized state military force. At this 
juncture Ira ALLEN, 15 July [1777], as secretary of the council of safety, 
wrote to Massachusetts and New Hampshire for aid of troops for defense. The 
Governor of New Hampshire replied at once that a draft of men would be made, 
placed under the command of Brig. Gen. STARK, and forthwith sent to their 
aid. At this time a portion of Col. Seth WARNER's regiment (which was 
attached to the regular service), after his bloody conflict at Hubbardton, 
had passed on with the army of ST. CLAIR to Fort Edward, and another fragment 
to Manchester, under Maj. SAFFORD, and just at that time there was not a 
soldier to be seen in Vermont but SAFFORD's, as the others had not then 
returned to Manchester from Fort Edward. Without a dollar in the hands of the 
state to buy arms and munitions of war, or pay men, and private means 
exhausted, with no state officers appointed under the new constitution, and 
without power or credit as a state, the inquiry was everywhere made, what 
could be done?

In this state of affairs the council of safety met and deliberated day after 
day, without discovering any mode of relief. Just as they were to adjourn at 
night, without hope of success and in despair, one of the board moved "that 
Ira ALLEN, the youngest member of the council, be requested to discover ways 
and means to raise a regiment and report at sunrise in the morning." This 
proposition was voted by the council, and the next morning ALLEN, after 
raking his brain through the night, made report "that the property of all 
persons (Tories) who had or should join the common enemy, should be 
sequestered and sold at public auction to furnish the means of defense." The 
council at once acquiesced; property was sequestered and sold; in fifteen 
days a regiment was raised and placed under the command of Col. HERRICK, and 
the officers and men paid their bounty; and, after another fifteen days, Col. 
HERRICK and his men, with the intrepid STARK, were carrying by storm the 
breastworks of Col. BAUM at Bennington.

How much this financial measure, proposed by ALLEN and carried out by the 
council of safety, contributed to the fatal blow given at Bennington to the 
prospects of BURGOYNE may be easily determined. Without the raising of Col. 
HERRICK's regiment in the short time it was so wonderfully effected, the 
victory at Bennington could not have been gained; BURGOYNE would have 
obtained supplies for his army, and the people in the northern military 
department would not have had their hope and courage renewed by the heroic 
triumph and evident advantage they had gained, which resulted in the defeat 
and surrender of BURGOYNE's entire army. It is proper here to notice, in 
addition, that Ira ALLEN and Thomas CHITTENDEN further aided in this result 
by corresponding with Gen. STARK on his way to Bennington, and kept him 
advised as to his proper route and the movements of the enemy, and in the 
meantime furnished him with supplies and urged him forward.

After the excitement produced by BURGOYNE's invasion and defeat had passed, 
the people of Vermont returned to the work of organizing their own state 
government. A convention was called and Ira ALLEN was appointed to publish 
and distribute the new constitution, and provision was made for the election 
of state officers under it, and for the meeting of a legislative assembly. 
Thomas CHITTENDEN was elected governor; Joseph MARSH, lieutenant governor; 
twelve councilors, among whom Ira ALLEN was one; he was also elected 
treasurer, and appointed by the legislature surveyor-general of the state. 
Thus organized, Vermont occupied the dignified position for the next thirteen 
years, until admitted into the federal union, of an independent sovereignty, 
acknowledging allegiance to no other human power.

During the next two years ALLEN was sent three times, as commissioner from 
Vermont, to New Hampshire to negotiate the difficulties with that state; once 
to each of the states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, to 
lay before those states the claims of Vermont to her independence; and twice 
to Congress, at Philadelphia, on the same business. It was on one of those 
occasions that he and Stephen R. BRADLEY, his associate, by their skillful 
management, avoided the dilemma of submitting the claims of Vermont to the 
arbitrament of Congress, unless they were admitted as members upon an equal 
footing with other states; and this being denied them, that they drew up 
their memorable remonstrance to Congress by which they declined to listen, as 
mere spectators, to an ex parle trial, involving the vital interests "of the 
free and independent state of Vermont," and after submitting their proposals 
to Congress in writing, left for home.

About this time, July 1780, a letter was mysteriously handed to Ethan ALLEN, 
in the street in Arlington, from the notorious Beverly ROBINSON, evidently 
designed for treasonable purposes. The council of safety at once determined 
to avail themselves of the opportunity afforded to neutralize the hostile 
attitude of the British forces on the frontier, in which they admirably 
succeeded. The matter was reached, under ostensible negotiations for a 
cartel, for the exchange of prisoners; and in this skillful system of 
operations, Ethan ALLEN, Ira ALLEN, Thomas CHITTENDEN, and Jos. FAY were the 
chief actors, though Ira ALLEN was the active manager in carrying out the 
ruse. By arrangement, ALLEN and FAY met two British commissioners on the 
lake, and after some days spent in talk, they parted with the understanding 
that another meeting should take place in Canada; this was late in the fall 
of 1780. Soon after this meeting upon the lake the world were astonished to 
see the militia of Vermont quietly returning to their homes and the British 
forces in command of the lake returning to Canada into winter quarters, but 
this arrangement was for the time being only.

Early the next spring, in April [1781], the British had 10,000 troops in 
Canada ready to pounce upon and devastate the frontiers. Ira ALLEN, by the 
solicitation of the governor and others in the secret, was accredited to the 
British commander to effect another cartel, and if possible, settle upon an 
armistice with the British authorities, as the only protection of the people 
of the state. It was a ticklish matter, and for safety it was decided that 
one commissioner only should go, as the public attention at home and the 
jealousy of the British had both been excited, and the whole state was alive 
with spies both from Congress and Canada.

On 01 May [1781], ALLEN set out and soon arrived at the Isle Aux Noiz, where 
he was kindly received and met the two British commissioners. In proper time 
they proposed to ALLEN to make Vermont a colony under the crown, and ALLEN 
replied that the people of Vermont would sooner subject themselves to the 
British crown than to the state of New York, that they were weary of the war 
and longed for safety and repose, but how to obtain these ends they knew not. 
ALLEN wrote to Gen. HALDIMAN, the British Commander-in-chief, at Quebec, and 
he sent his reply with his Adjutant-general to meet ALLEN at the Isle Aux 
Noiz, and he and the two British commissioners and the Adjutant-general held 
several private conferences in a remote part of the island. It was proposed 
to ALLEN to give his terms in writing; this he declined for prudential 
reasons [such would be evidence if later charged with treason]; but proposed 
to give his views verbally, and the Adjutant-general might put them down and 
safely transmit them to Gen. HALDIMAN. This was don, a cartel was concluded 
upon, and after seventeen days of talk, an armistice was also verbally agreed 
upon, resulting in the cessation of hostilities with Vermont, and the parties 
separated in good friendship.

The legislature met in June following, and every body were upon the qui vive 
about ALLEN's mission to Canada. The spies from both sides of the line 
flocked about the legislature, thinking they would surely discover something 
there; but the legislature was as ignorant on the subject as the rest of the 
world, save Governor CHITTENDEN and a part of his council. Soon, however, 
the subject was brought up in the House, and the governor and council were 
invited to join the house in the investigation of so strange and important a 
matter. Gov. CHITTENDEN, out of courtesy, was of course first called on to 
give his views respecting it. He stated he had authorized Mr. ALLEN to go to 
the Isle Aux Noiz, to make an arrangement for the exchange of prisoners, and 
very gravely said that he had been there and, after much difficulty, had 
arranged the business; that Mr. ALLEN was present, who could best inform them 
and to whom he referred them on the subject. Whereupon ALLEN was called 
upon, and he made a statement to the joint assembly with such adroitness that 
he satisfied every body, the legislative assembly, the governor and council, 
the spies on both sides, and the people, and they all believed him true to 
their own wishes, and went away content.

In the meantime the two ALLENs, CHITTENDEN, and FAY kept up a constant 
intercourse with the British authorities, and the armistice was kept alive 
and extended. And that same session of the legislature Ira ALLEN, FAY, and 
WOODWARD were sent as commissioners to Congress, in pursuance of a resolution 
of that body, to consider the subject of the admission of Vermont into the 
Union. But now the news of the surrender of Lord CORNWALIS arrived, which 
event broke the British arm in America, and Vermonters no longer had occasion 
to continue their negotiations for subjecting their territory to the British 
crown. They had accomplished their work. During a most helpless and 
critical period of time they had disarmed the enemy, lost but one man, and 
incurred no expense to defend their frontier.

But the close of hostilities with England only served to open afresh the 
difficulties with New York and New Hampshire. Vermont was now assailed, both 
upon the west and upon the east, from those states, and Ira ALLEN was again 
delegated to both of those states and also to Congress to affect a 
reconciliation, but without success. He advised the raising of a military 
force to defend her borders (which was adopted), and this energetic measure 
averted the purpose of an armed invasion from those states, and as it proved, 
settled it forever. Things now went on without molestation; and after the 
peace of 1783 was concluded and ratified, Ira ALLEN was appointed by the 
governor and council to proceed to Canada to make provision for opening a 
commercial intercourse with that province, presenting little Vermont in the 
interesting attitude of nationality, with her diplomatic agents abroad.

ALLEN had now returned to Colchester, and was prosecuting his business 
matters here upon a large scale. The state rapidly increased in strength and 
population who rushed in from other states; and New York, no longer hoping to 
resume her jurisdiction over it, honorably yielded the point and passed an 
act appointing commissioners to establish the boundary between the two 
states, and favored the admission of Vermont into the Union; and Ira ALLEN 
and six others were appointed commissioners on the part of Vermont. They met 
and settled upon the boundary as previously proposed by ALLEN to Congress, 
and as it now is. And 18 February 1791, Congress unanimously passed an act 
admitting Vermont into the Union, after 04 March then next following; and 
through her delegates of whom Ira ALLEN was one, she ratified and adopted the 
Constitution of the United States and became a member of the national Union.

But new complications and new destiny were opening before Ira ALLEN, said in 
the recollections of a man so brilliant and enterprising. Not content with 
the most eminent prospect before him of any man in Vermont, so far as 
honorable position and vast possessions and wealth were concerned, his 
ambition led him forward to new schemes of enterprise. As has been already 
noted, one of his favorite projects was to open a ship-canal from Lake 
Champlain to the St. Lawrence. This he very justly considered would enhance 
the value of his large landed estate upon the lake, and enrich the country by 
making the lake itself a great commercial highway and center. Seeing the 
advantages that such a work would afford to both countries, he believed that 
he could secure the means and the necessary privileges from the English 
government to carry the measure into effect, and resolved to cross the 
Atlantic and make the experiment.

At that time he held the appointment of major-general of the militia of 
Vermont, and by request of Gov. CHITTENDEN, he took upon himself the purchase 
of arms and other implements of war in Europe, for the purpose of equipping 
the militia; for which, as commanding officer, he felt an interest and pride. 
He believed at the same time that he could obtain them on such terms as to 
make it a fair business transaction for himself and supply the militia at a 
much cheaper rate than they could otherwise be obtained. He pledged 45,000 
acres of his best lands to Gen. William HALL, of Watertown, Massachusetts, to 
raise the necessary funds for the purchase of these arms and accouterments, 
and sailed from Boston for London in December 1795.

On his arrival in England, he made application to the Duke of Portland, then 
his majesty's principal secretary of state, for leave and also for aid from 
the British government for building his projected canal; but the government, 
on account of its great expenditures in carrying on the war with France, in 
which it was then engaged, declined to enter into the project, and he was 
unable to effect his long-cherished arrangement. Thus he was obliged to give 
up the project for the time being, although it was a favorite measure of his 
during his whole life.

Learning that he could obtain his military equipage cheaper in France than in 
England, he passed over to France in May 1796, and made a purchase of 20,000 
muskets and bayonets, twenty-four pieces of brass cannon, and some other 
materials of a smaller kind. He placed the main part of them on board the 
ship "Olive Branch" at Ostend, from whence he sailed for New York. A British 
cruiser fell in with the "Olive Branch," after she had passed the coast of 
Ireland, and learning that she had sailed from an enemy's port and laden with 
arms, captured her and took her into Plymouth as a lawful prize, and the 
captors brought the case before the court of Admiralty for condemnation of 
the cargo.

It was contended, on the part of the captors, that France had supplied these 
arms and munitions of war to ALLEN for the purpose of carrying on an 
insurrection in Canada, which, unfortunately for him, was just at that time 
in progress under the lead of one David McLANE, or if not for that special 
object, for some purpose hostile to Great Britain. ALLEN, on the other hand, 
claimed the cargo as his private property, purchased for the sole purpose of 
supplying the militia of Vermont, by order of the governor of that state, and 
produced the depositions of Gov. CHITTENDEN and of a score of other witnesses 
to substantiate the facts he contended for, making his case clear beyond 
dispute, if his evidence was to be believed. He also showed that the vessel 
was neutral and bound to a neutral port.

But against all this evidence, and when there was not a particle of proof 
offered by the captors, the court of admiralty found a way of deciding the 
case against him. ALLEN appealed for redress to the court of king's bench. 
He had four able counselors, among whom was the late Lord ERSKINE. On the 
other hand it was managed by the king's attorney-general, SCOTT, and two 
assistants, and the case managed with great ability on both sides. In 
addition to this ALLEN applied to his own government to interfere, and the 
American minister at London, by order of Mr. ADAMS, then president of the 
United States, laid the matter before the British government, and the British 
minister wrote home from here favoring the restoration of the cargo. But 
Lord GRANVILLE, then prime minister of England, declined to interfere, and 
determined to leave it to the decision of the tribunal before whom it was 
pending.

After the case had been two or three years in progress, ALLEN went over to 
France, to procure further evidence, and while there was arrested and put 
into prison, where he lay about six months, suffering much from sickness and 
privation. The ostensible cause of his arrest was that he came from a 
belligerent power without proper passports. But he always contended that it 
was affected by a conspiracy that had been formed against him. In October 
1800 he returned to the United States, and left his suit in England in the 
hands of his counsel, which continued in court four years longer, making 
eight years in all, before it was decided. In the end he recovered his 
property, but it was more than sacrificed in expenses.

On his return he found his business here, so prosperous when he left, 
substantially broken up. Tax titles had been obtained, in every way 
possible, upon his lands, numberless suits had been brought against him, some 
of which were fictitious, and prosecuted to judgment, and a wholesale system 
of robbery and plunder, as well as defamation, was in progress against him. 
That his garments might, with more plausibility, be divided among his 
conspirators, they sought to ruin his character under every false pretense, 
and to turn his misfortunes into crime; and the old story, which these very 
persons indorsed, about insurrection in Canada, with a view to stimulate the 
suspicions of the court of admiralty in England against him, was reiterated 
here, and a false public prejudice manufactured against him, so long as he 
had any property to plunder. By such selfish and wicked means his splendid 
estate, which was worth more than a million of money, was placed beyond his 
reach and control and substantially lost to him and his descendants.

There is not space here to go into the details of this matter; it is enough 
for us, on this part of the subject, to have presented such general facts as 
to show the difficulties that beset him, and the advantages that others took 
of his misfortunes. His eminent services for his state and people were 
requited by ingratitude and the foulest schemes of avarice, a striking 
instance surely of man's selfish nature and the fallibility of earth's 
brightest hopes. Suffice it to say, he was obliged to give up all and leave 
the state, the independence and prosperity of which he had done so much to 
establish, to escape from the persecution of his pursuers. This alternative 
became necessary to secure his own personal liberty against the malicious 
suits that were brought against him, to harass and drive him from his 
property. He went to Philadelphia, where he resided several years in poverty 
and distress, and where he died, 07 January 1814, in the sixty-third year of 
his age, and there his remains were deposited in the public grounds; and 
there is no stone, or record, or living witness left, to point out to friend 
or foe his humble grave.

As Vermont has erected a monument to Ethan ALLEN, in honor of her first 
military chief and hero, she should not forget her obligations to Ira ALLEN, 
as the first and foremost of her early statesmen and founders.

Submitted by Cathy Kubly